Example: Hidden Markov Model

In this example, we will follow [1] to construct a semi-supervised Hidden Markov Model for a generative model with observations are words and latent variables are categories. Instead of automatically marginalizing all discrete latent variables (as in [2]), we will use the “forward algorithm” (which exploits the conditional independent of a Markov model - see [3]) to iteratively do this marginalization.

The semi-supervised problem is chosen instead of an unsupervised one because it is hard to make the inference works for an unsupervised model (see the discussion [4]). On the other hand, this example also illustrates the usage of JAX’s lax.scan primitive. The primitive will greatly improve compiling for the model.

References:

../_images/hmm.png
import argparse
import os
import time

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde

from jax import lax, random
import jax.numpy as jnp
from jax.scipy.special import logsumexp

import numpyro
import numpyro.distributions as dist
from numpyro.infer import MCMC, NUTS


def simulate_data(rng_key, num_categories, num_words, num_supervised_data, num_unsupervised_data):
    rng_key, rng_key_transition, rng_key_emission = random.split(rng_key, 3)

    transition_prior = jnp.ones(num_categories)
    emission_prior = jnp.repeat(0.1, num_words)

    transition_prob = dist.Dirichlet(transition_prior).sample(key=rng_key_transition,
                                                              sample_shape=(num_categories,))
    emission_prob = dist.Dirichlet(emission_prior).sample(key=rng_key_emission,
                                                          sample_shape=(num_categories,))

    start_prob = jnp.repeat(1. / num_categories, num_categories)
    categories, words = [], []
    for t in range(num_supervised_data + num_unsupervised_data):
        rng_key, rng_key_transition, rng_key_emission = random.split(rng_key, 3)
        if t == 0 or t == num_supervised_data:
            category = dist.Categorical(start_prob).sample(key=rng_key_transition)
        else:
            category = dist.Categorical(transition_prob[category]).sample(key=rng_key_transition)
        word = dist.Categorical(emission_prob[category]).sample(key=rng_key_emission)
        categories.append(category)
        words.append(word)

    # split into supervised data and unsupervised data
    categories, words = jnp.stack(categories), jnp.stack(words)
    supervised_categories = categories[:num_supervised_data]
    supervised_words = words[:num_supervised_data]
    unsupervised_words = words[num_supervised_data:]
    return (transition_prior, emission_prior, transition_prob, emission_prob,
            supervised_categories, supervised_words, unsupervised_words)


def forward_one_step(prev_log_prob, curr_word, transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob):
    log_prob_tmp = jnp.expand_dims(prev_log_prob, axis=1) + transition_log_prob
    log_prob = log_prob_tmp + emission_log_prob[:, curr_word]
    return logsumexp(log_prob, axis=0)


def forward_log_prob(init_log_prob, words, transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob, unroll_loop=False):
    # Note: The following naive implementation will make it very slow to compile
    # and do inference. So we use lax.scan instead.
    #
    # >>> log_prob = init_log_prob
    # >>> for word in words:
    # ...     log_prob = forward_one_step(log_prob, word, transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob)
    def scan_fn(log_prob, word):
        return forward_one_step(log_prob, word, transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob), jnp.zeros((0,))

    if unroll_loop:
        log_prob = init_log_prob
        for word in words:
            log_prob = forward_one_step(log_prob, word, transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob)
    else:
        log_prob, _ = lax.scan(scan_fn, init_log_prob, words)
    return log_prob


def semi_supervised_hmm(transition_prior, emission_prior,
                        supervised_categories, supervised_words,
                        unsupervised_words, unroll_loop=False):
    num_categories, num_words = transition_prior.shape[0], emission_prior.shape[0]
    transition_prob = numpyro.sample('transition_prob', dist.Dirichlet(
        jnp.broadcast_to(transition_prior, (num_categories, num_categories))))
    emission_prob = numpyro.sample('emission_prob', dist.Dirichlet(
        jnp.broadcast_to(emission_prior, (num_categories, num_words))))

    # models supervised data;
    # here we don't make any assumption about the first supervised category, in other words,
    # we place a flat/uniform prior on it.
    numpyro.sample('supervised_categories', dist.Categorical(transition_prob[supervised_categories[:-1]]),
                   obs=supervised_categories[1:])
    numpyro.sample('supervised_words', dist.Categorical(emission_prob[supervised_categories]),
                   obs=supervised_words)

    # computes log prob of unsupervised data
    transition_log_prob = jnp.log(transition_prob)
    emission_log_prob = jnp.log(emission_prob)
    init_log_prob = emission_log_prob[:, unsupervised_words[0]]
    log_prob = forward_log_prob(init_log_prob, unsupervised_words[1:],
                                transition_log_prob, emission_log_prob, unroll_loop)
    log_prob = logsumexp(log_prob, axis=0, keepdims=True)
    # inject log_prob to potential function
    numpyro.factor('forward_log_prob', log_prob)


def print_results(posterior, transition_prob, emission_prob):
    header = semi_supervised_hmm.__name__ + ' - TRAIN'
    columns = ['', 'ActualProb', 'Pred(p25)', 'Pred(p50)', 'Pred(p75)']
    header_format = '{:>20} {:>10} {:>10} {:>10} {:>10}'
    row_format = '{:>20} {:>10.2f} {:>10.2f} {:>10.2f} {:>10.2f}'
    print('\n', '=' * 20 + header + '=' * 20, '\n')
    print(header_format.format(*columns))

    quantiles = np.quantile(posterior['transition_prob'], [0.25, 0.5, 0.75], axis=0)
    for i in range(transition_prob.shape[0]):
        for j in range(transition_prob.shape[1]):
            idx = 'transition[{},{}]'.format(i, j)
            print(row_format.format(idx, transition_prob[i, j], *quantiles[:, i, j]), '\n')

    quantiles = np.quantile(posterior['emission_prob'], [0.25, 0.5, 0.75], axis=0)
    for i in range(emission_prob.shape[0]):
        for j in range(emission_prob.shape[1]):
            idx = 'emission[{},{}]'.format(i, j)
            print(row_format.format(idx, emission_prob[i, j], *quantiles[:, i, j]), '\n')


def main(args):
    print('Simulating data...')
    (transition_prior, emission_prior, transition_prob, emission_prob,
     supervised_categories, supervised_words, unsupervised_words) = simulate_data(
        random.PRNGKey(1),
        num_categories=args.num_categories,
        num_words=args.num_words,
        num_supervised_data=args.num_supervised,
        num_unsupervised_data=args.num_unsupervised,
    )
    print('Starting inference...')
    rng_key = random.PRNGKey(2)
    start = time.time()
    kernel = NUTS(semi_supervised_hmm)
    mcmc = MCMC(kernel, args.num_warmup, args.num_samples, num_chains=args.num_chains,
                progress_bar=False if "NUMPYRO_SPHINXBUILD" in os.environ else True)
    mcmc.run(rng_key, transition_prior, emission_prior, supervised_categories,
             supervised_words, unsupervised_words, args.unroll_loop)
    samples = mcmc.get_samples()
    print_results(samples, transition_prob, emission_prob)
    print('\nMCMC elapsed time:', time.time() - start)

    # make plots
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 6), constrained_layout=True)

    x = np.linspace(0, 1, 101)
    for i in range(transition_prob.shape[0]):
        for j in range(transition_prob.shape[1]):
            ax.plot(x, gaussian_kde(samples['transition_prob'][:, i, j])(x),
                    label="trans_prob[{}, {}], true value = {:.2f}"
                    .format(i, j, transition_prob[i, j]))
    ax.set(xlabel="Probability", ylabel="Frequency",
           title="Transition probability posterior")
    ax.legend()

    plt.savefig("hmm_plot.pdf")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    assert numpyro.__version__.startswith('0.5.0')
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Semi-supervised Hidden Markov Model')
    parser.add_argument('--num-categories', default=3, type=int)
    parser.add_argument('--num-words', default=10, type=int)
    parser.add_argument('--num-supervised', default=100, type=int)
    parser.add_argument('--num-unsupervised', default=500, type=int)
    parser.add_argument('-n', '--num-samples', nargs='?', default=1000, type=int)
    parser.add_argument('--num-warmup', nargs='?', default=500, type=int)
    parser.add_argument("--num-chains", nargs='?', default=1, type=int)
    parser.add_argument("--unroll-loop", action='store_true')
    parser.add_argument('--device', default='cpu', type=str, help='use "cpu" or "gpu".')
    args = parser.parse_args()

    numpyro.set_platform(args.device)
    numpyro.set_host_device_count(args.num_chains)

    main(args)

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